From Immune Surveillance to Parasitic Evasion: A Review of Current Knowledge and Emerging Research in Parasitic Immunity

Abstract

This research aims to provide a detailed overview of the complex relationship between host immune defense mechanisms and parasite evasion methods. Furthermore, it aims to synthesize available knowledge with the latest scientific discoveries to expand our understanding of this relationship and guide future efforts toward the management and treatment of parasitic diseases. We relied on a comprehensive methodology in previous studies to collect all relevant information on parasitic immunity from research published between 2017 and 2024. Articles were selected based on their importance in understanding the mechanisms of immune surveillance or evasion, the quality of peer-reviewed sources, and the novelty of the results. Data extraction involved a detailed screening and evaluation process, as well as the compilation of key themes and the identification of knowledge gaps, with great care being taken to ensure the accuracy of the information. The reviewed literature provided valuable insights into parasitic immunity and its complexities in host-parasite interactions. Immune surveillance mechanisms play essential roles, including specialized cells such as dendritic cells and T cells, which are essential for identifying and combating parasites. Among their strategies, parasites alter their antigens and sometimes hijack host molecules to evade the immune system. Because the immune system seeks out parasites, and parasites employ various defense mechanisms, they are difficult to eliminate. The fields of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment are witnessing significant advances thanks to modern research and technologies. The weakness of vaccines, difficulty in diagnosing, and drug resistance stress the importance of on-going research and development for parasitic diseases. As a result, because the immune system and parasites are complex, modern and advanced drug therapies are essential to treat infections and the diseases they cause. The introduction of vaccines and new methods of testing for diseases is helping to control parasitic diseases, although we still face some challenges, such as vaccine limitations or drug resistance in some areas. To reduce the impact of parasitic diseases globally and help disadvantaged groups, we must utilize cutting-edge research and ensure that healthcare is shared equitably.